Tubeks. XIII-XIV cc.

The besik is a traditional Kazakh cradle that has been used since ancient times. One of its essential components is the tubek, a hygienic vessel designed for newborn infants. Medieval tubeks were unornamented household vessels with a jug-like shape. Their rims were thin but widely flared at right angles, and the bases were flat. These vessels were widely used as hygienic containers in cradles and served as simple yet practical items of daily life.

Shumeks. XIII-XIV cc.

Another important element of the cradle is the shumek. In the Middle Ages, shumeks were used for both boys and girls to maintain hygiene while the child was swaddled in the cradle. They were typically made of clay, glass, or bone and had a simple form.

Bowls. XIII-XIV сс.

In the Middle Ages, bowls were commonly used in everyday life for drinking and serving food. They were mostly made of clay and had round or circular shapes. Some bowls were plain, while others were decorated with simple patterns. Such vessels formed an important part of the material culture of the period.

Building stones. XIV c.

Medieval building bricks were made of fired clay and widely used in construction. Some bricks bear impressions of wolf footprints, which were regarded at the time as symbols of good fortune. These bricks held not only practical construction value but also cultural and symbolic significance.

Architectural decorative stones. XIII-XIV cc.

Architectural decorative elements were primarily made from iron-rich clay and kashin, covered with glaze, and decorated with plant motifs applied to one side only. These thin facing tiles were produced in turquoise, ultramarine, and white colors. Mosaic stones were predominantly turquoise, ultramarine, and white, while yellow and red pigments were rarely used. Such decorative tiles were also employed for flooring in interior spaces.